Bearing Steel yog dab tsi? Dab tsi ntawm steel yog bearing steel?
Cov kabmob steel yog cov hlau siv los ua cov pob, cov menyuam, thiab cov kabmob rings. Bearings tau raug lub siab zoo thiab kev sib txhuam thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm, yog li cov kabmob steel yuav tsum muaj siab thiab tsis sib xws hardness thiab hnav tsis kam, nrog rau kev txwv siab elastic. Nws yog ib qho ntawm cov qib steel nruj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov hlau ntau lawm, nrog rau cov kev cai nruj rau cov uniformity ntawm cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg, cov ntsiab lus thiab kev faib ntawm non-metallic inclusions, thiab kev faib ntawm carbides.
Xyoo 1976, Lub Koom Haum Thoob Ntiaj Teb rau Standardization (ISO) tau koom ua ke qee cov kabmob dav dav hlau rau hauv cov qauv thoob ntiaj teb, thiab muab cov kabmob steel ua plaub pawg: cov kabmob hnyav hnyav, cov kabmob tawv tawv steel, cov kabmob hlau tsis muaj steel, thiab cov kabmob kub siab. , nrog rau tag nrho ntawm 17 qib steel. Qee lub tebchaws tau ntxiv ib pawg ntawm cov kabmob steel lossis alloys rau lub hom phiaj tshwj xeeb. Cov txheej txheem kev faib tawm ntawm cov kabmob hlau uas tau suav nrog hauv cov qauv hauv Suav teb zoo ib yam li ISO, sib haum rau plaub pawg: cov pa roj carbon chromium cov kabmob siab, carburized bearing steel, stainless corrosion-resistant bearing steel, thiab high-temperature bearing. hlau.
Nyob rau hauv 50 xyoo dhau los, Tuam Tshoj kuj ua tau zoo nyob rau hauv bearing steel qib thiab bearing cov ntaub ntawv, xws li chrome-dawb bearing steel, nruab nrab carbon bearing steel, tshwj xeeb-lub hom phiaj bearing steel thiab alloys, cermets, thiab lwm yam.
High carbon chromium bearing steel GCr15 yog lub ntiaj teb loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov kabmob steel, carbon Wc yog li 1%, chromium Wcr yog li 1.5%, txij xyoo 1901 yug mus rau ntau tshaj 100 xyoo, cov khoom tseem ceeb tsis tau hloov, nrog rau kev nce qib ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis, kev tshawb fawb ua haujlwm txuas ntxiv, cov khoom zoo txuas ntxiv txhim kho, suav txog ntau dua 80% ntawm lub ntiaj teb tag nrho cov kabmob steel ntau lawm. Ntau npaum li ntawd tam sim no peb hu ua cov kabmob steel, yog tias tsis muaj cov lus piav qhia tshwj xeeb, nws hais txog GCr15.
Cov kabmob steel feem ntau yog siv los ua cov khoom siv dov thiab cov nplhaib rau dov bearings. Vim tias cov kabmob yuav tsum muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub neej ntev, siab precision, tsis tshua muaj nqi calorific, kev kub ceev, siab rigidity, tsis tshua muaj suab nrov, siab hnav tsis kam, thiab lwm yam, cov kabmob steel yuav tsum muaj: siab hardness, uniform hardness, siab elastic txwv, siab tiv taus qaug zog, tsim nyog toughness, tej yam hardenability, thiab corrosion kuj nyob rau hauv atmospheric lubricants.
Txhawm rau ua kom tau raws li cov kev xav tau saum toj no, cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg tsis sib xws ntawm cov kabmob steel, cov ntsiab lus thiab hom non-metallic inclusions, qhov loj me thiab kev faib tawm ntawm carbides, thiab decarburization yuav tsum nruj me ntsis. Cov kabmob steel feem ntau yog tsim nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm kev ua tau zoo, kev ua haujlwm siab thiab ntau yam. Raws li cov yam ntxwv thiab daim ntawv thov ib puag ncig, cov kabmob steel tau muab faib ua: high-carbon chromium bearing steel, carburizing bearing steel, high-temperature bearing steel, stainless bearing steel thiab tshwj xeeb bearing khoom.
Yuav kom ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau muaj ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, kev kub ceev, siab load, corrosion kuj thiab hluav taws xob tsis kam, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los tsim cov txheej txheem ntawm cov kabmob tshiab nrog cov khoom tshwj xeeb. Txhawm rau txo cov pa oxygen cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov kabmob steel, smelting thev naus laus zis ntawm cov kabmob steel xws li lub tshuab nqus tsev smelting, electroslag remelting, thiab electron beam remelting tau tsim. Lub smelting ntawm qhov ntau ntawm cov kabmob steel yog smelted los ntawm hluav taws xob arc rauv thiab tsim rau ntau hom thawj refining furnaces thiab sab nraud refining.
Tam sim no, cov kabmob steel yog tsim los ntawm cov thawj refining rauv nrog lub peev xwm ntawm ntau tshaj 60 tons + LF / VD los yog RH + nruam casting + nruam dov txheej txheem kom ua tiav lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ua tau zoo, high efficiency thiab tsawg zog noj. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev kho cua sov txheej txheem, nws tau tsim los ntawm lub hauv qab lub cub tawg thiab lub tswb lub qhov cub kom nruam controllable cua annealing furnace kho cua sov. Tam sim no, qhov kev kho cua sov tsis tu ncua ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob yog mus txog 150m, thiab cov qauv spheroidization ntawm cov kabmob steel ua tiav thiab tsim tau ruaj khov thiab tsis sib xws, txheej decarburization me me, thiab kev siv hluav taws xob tsawg.
Txij li thaum xyoo 70s ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, nrog rau kev txhim kho kev lag luam thiab kev lag luam thev naus laus zis, kev siv ntau yam ntawm bearings tau nthuav dav; Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb tau txhawb nqa kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb ntawm kev coj tus qauv steel thiab kev txhim kho thiab siv cov thev naus laus zis tshiab, cov txheej txheem tshiab thiab cov cuab yeej tshiab.
Nyiv thiab lub teb chaws Yelemees tau ua kom huv si, ua haujlwm zoo ntawm cov kabmob steel ntau lawm, kom cov khoom tsim tawm ntawm cov hlau tau nce sai, thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo thiab qaug zog ntawm cov hlau tau txhim kho zoo heev. Cov pa oxygen cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov kabmob steel tsim nyob rau hauv Nyiv thiab Sweden tau raug txo kom tsawg dua 10 ppm. Thaum kawg ntawm 80s, qib siab ntawm Nyiv lub tuam txhab Sanyo Tshwj Xeeb Steel yog 5.4ppm, mus txog qib ntawm lub tshuab nqus tsev remelted bearing steel.
Kev sib cuag qaug zog lub neej ntawm ib tug bearing yog heev rhiab heev rau lub uniformity ntawm steel qauv. Txhim kho kev huv (txo cov ntsiab lus ntawm impurity ntsiab thiab suav nrog hauv cov hlau) thiab txhawb kev nplua thiab kev faib tawm ntawm cov hlau tsis sib xws thiab carbides hauv cov hlau tuaj yeem txhim kho kev sib cuag qaug zog lub neej ntawm cov kabmob steel.
Cov qauv ntawm cov kabmob steel nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm kev siv yuav tsum yog ib tug tempered martensitic matrix nrog nplua carbide hais tusyees faib, uas yuav muab tau cov bearing steel cov khoom yuav tsum tau. Lub ntsiab alloying ntsiab nyob rau hauv high-carbon bearing steels yog carbon, chromium, silicon, manganese, vanadium, thiab lwm yam.
Yuav ua li cas kom tau txais spheroidized microstructure yog ib qho teeb meem tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov bearing steel, thiab tswj dov thiab txias tswj yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm cov kabmob siab heev. Los ntawm kev tswj dov lossis ceev txias tom qab dov, lub network carbides raug tshem tawm, thiab tau txais cov qauv npaj tsim nyog, uas tuaj yeem ua rau lub sijhawm spheroidization annealing ntawm cov kabmob steel, kho cov carbides, thiab txhim kho lub neej qaug zog.
Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, Russia thiab Nyij Pooj tau txais qhov kub thiab txias tswj dov (qis dua 800 degree ~ 850 degree), thiab tom qab dov, cua txias thiab lub sij hawm luv annealing yog siv, los yog cov txheej txheem spheroidization annealing raug tshem tawm tag nrho kom tau txais cov kabmob tsim nyog. steel qauv.
Lub 650 degree kub ua cov kabmob steel kuj yog ib qho kev siv tshuab tshiab. Yog tias eutectic steel lossis high-carbon steel muaj cov qauv zoo los yog tuaj yeem tsim cov qoob loo zoo thaum ua ua ntej ua haujlwm kub, nws yuav qhia tau tias superplasticity nyob rau hauv (0.4 ~ 0.6) melting kub ntau nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam strain rate.
Lub koom haum US Naval Research Institute (NSP) tau ua qhov kev ntsuas 650 degree sov ua haujlwm ntawm 5 2100 steels thiab pom tias ntawm 650 degree qhov tseeb strain, 2.5 tsis tawg. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho ua tau los hloov cov txheej txheem kub kub nrog 650 degree ua haujlwm sov thiab ua ke nrog cov txheej txheem spheroidizing annealing, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov cuab yeej siv yooj yim thiab cov txheej txheem, txuag lub zog thiab txhim kho kom zoo.
Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev kho cua sov, kev vam meej tau ua nyob rau hauv kev txhim kho qhov zoo ntawm spheroidization annealing, tau zoo, uniform thiab spherical carbides, thiab shortening lub sij hawm annealing los yog tshem tawm cov txheej txheem spheroidization annealing, uas yog, ob daim ntaub annealing yog siv nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov hlau rods, thiab recrystallization annealing ntawm 720 degree ~ 730 degree tom qab kos duab hloov mus rau cov ntaub so ntswg annealing ntawm 760 degree. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev no, cov qauv uas tsis tshua muaj hardness, zoo spheroidization thiab tsis muaj reticulated carbide tuaj yeem tau txais, thiab qhov tseem ceeb yog los xyuas kom meej tias qhov nruab nrab ntawm kev kos duab txo qis dua los yog sib npaug rau 14%. Cov txheej txheem no ua rau kom qhov ua tau zoo ntawm qhov cub kho cua sov los ntawm 25% ~ 30%. Nruam spheroidization annealing tshav kub kho tshuab yog kev txhim kho kev kho cua sov ntawm cov kabmob steel.
Txhua lub teb chaws tab tom tshawb nrhiav thiab tsim cov kabmob tshiab kom nthuav dav daim ntawv thov thiab hloov cov kabmob ib txwm muaj. Piv txwv li, carburizing ceev ceev carburizing bearing steel yog nce los ntawm kev hloov cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg, nyob rau hauv uas cov pa roj carbon ntsiab lus yog nce los ntawm cov tsoos {{0}}.08% ~ 0.20% rau kwv yees li 0.45%, thiab lub sijhawm carburizing yog luv los ntawm 7 teev mus rau 30 feeb.
Lub high-frequency quenching bearing steel tau tsim, thiab cov khoom nruab nrab ntawm cov pa roj carbon zoo tib yam lossis nruab nrab-carbon manganese thiab chromium steel yog siv los hloov cov kabmob zoo tib yam los ntawm cov cua kub zaus thiab quenching, uas tsis tsuas yog ua kom yooj yim rau cov txheej txheem ntau lawm, tab sis kuj txo tus nqi thiab txhim kho kev pab cuam lub neej.
Lub neej qaug zog ntawm GCr465 thiab SCM465 tsim hauv Nyiv yog 2 ~ 4 npaug siab dua li ntawm SUJ2. Vim muaj kev siv cov bearings ntau zuj zus nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, corrosion thiab lubrication tsis zoo, cov kabmob steel siv yav dhau los M50 (CrMo4V), 440C (9Cr18Mo) tsis tuaj yeem ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau siv, thiab nws yog qhov ceev heev. tsim cov kabmob steel nrog kev ua haujlwm zoo, tus nqi qis, lub neej qaug zog ntev thiab tsim nyog rau ntau lub hom phiaj thiab siv, xws li kub-kub carburizing steel M50NiL, yooj yim-rau-txheej stainless hlau 50X18M thiab ceramic bearing cov ntaub ntawv.
Raws li qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm GCr15SiMn steel nrog tsawg hardenability, Tuam Tshoj tau tsim ib tug siab hardenability thiab hardenability bearing steel GCr15SiMo, uas muaj ib tug hardenability ntawm HRC ntau tshaj los yog sib npaug rau 60 thiab ib tug hardenability ntawm J60 ntau tshaj los yog sib npaug zos rau 25 hli. Lub neej qaug zog ntawm GCr15SiMo L10 thiab L50 yog 73% thiab 68% siab dua li ntawm GCr15Si Mn, raws li, thiab kev pabcuam lub neej ntawm cov kabmob ua los ntawm G015SiMo steel yog ob npaug ntawm GCr15SiMo steel raws li kev siv tib yam.
Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, Tuam Tshoj kuj tau tsim GCr4 bearing steel uas tuaj yeem txuag lub zog, txuag cov peev txheej thiab tiv thaiv kev cuam tshuam. Piv nrog rau GCr15, qhov cuam tshuam tus nqi ntawm GCr4 yog nce los ntawm 66% ~ 104%, qhov tawg toughness yog nce los ntawm 67%, thiab kev sib cuag qaug zog lub neej L10 yog nce los ntawm 12%. GCr4 steel bearings yog rhuab los ntawm qhov kub thiab txias nto quenching cua sov txheej txheem. Piv nrog rau tag nrho hardened GCr15 steel bearings, GCr4 steel bearings muaj lub neej ntev kev pab cuam thiab yuav siv tau rau hnyav-duty high-ceev tsheb ciav hlau bearings.
Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, bearing steel yuav mas tsim nyob rau hauv ob txoj kev: siab huv si thiab ntau yam kev ua tau zoo. Kev txhim kho kev huv ntawm cov kabmob steel, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txo cov pa oxygen hauv cov hlau, tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv lub neej ntawm cov kabmob.
Cov ntsiab lus oxygen raug txo los ntawm 28 ppm mus rau 5 ppm, thiab lub neej qaug zog tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv los ntawm 1 qhov kev txiav txim siab. Txhawm rau txuas ntxiv lub neej ntawm cov kabmob steel, kev siv zog tau ua rau ntau xyoo los tsim thiab siv cov txheej txheem kho kom zoo los txo cov pa oxygen hauv cov hlau. Los ntawm kev siv zog tsis tu ncua, qhov tsawg kawg nkaus oxygen cov ntsiab lus hauv cov kabmob hlau tau raug txo los ntawm 28 ppm hauv 60s ntawm xyoo pua 20th mus rau 5 ppm hauv 90s.
Tam sim no, Tuam Tshoj tuaj yeem tswj cov pa oxygen tsawg kawg nkaus hauv cov kabmob steel ntawm li 10ppm. Kev hloov hauv ib puag ncig uas siv cov bearings yuav tsum muaj ntau yam khoom hauv bearing steels. Piv txwv li, qhov ceev ntawm cov khoom siv yog nce, thiab cov bearing steel (qis dua 200 degree) rau quasi-siab kub yog yuav tsum tau (feem ntau yog txoj kev nce cov ntsiab lus Si thiab ntxiv V thiab Nb ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm SUJ2 steel yog siv rau ua tiav lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tiv thaiv softening thiab stabilizing qhov loj); Rau kev siv corrosion, stainless bearing steels yuav tsum tau tsim; Txhawm rau kom yooj yim rau cov txheej txheem, high-frequency quenched bearing steels thiab luv-time carburized bearing steels yuav tsum tau tsim; Txhawm rau ua kom tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm aerospace, cov kabmob kub kub yuav tsum tau tsim.